宗教市场理论用“自由竞争的宗教市场”
## 宗教高度多元,打破垄断、激发活力
– 无国家教会垄断,结构高度多元
– 美国自建国以来没有正式的国家教会,宪法保障宗教自由,
– 研究比较多国数据时发现,在新教国家中,宗教市场高度竞争(
– 教会必须“争取会众”
– 在这样一个市场中,没有任何教派可以“躺着收税”
– Finke 和 Stark 指出,美国从 18 世纪末至 20 世纪,教会参与率显著上升,很大程度上是因为浸信会、循道宗等“
## 竞争促使“高要求、高承诺”的教派增长
– “严格教派优势”
– 在美国的宗教市场中,强调传统教义、
– Finke/Stark 的分析认为,这类教派虽在短期内门槛较高,
– “教会—宗派过程”的持续循环
– 成功的教派一旦“中产化”“世俗化”,需求成本降低,
– 这种不断有新宗派进入、老教派调整或衰落的循环,
## 市场逻辑推动组织“专业化”和事工创新
– “市场化”带来策略思维与多元事工
– 近年的研究指出,美国主流和福音派教会都在不同程度上“市场化”
– 为在竞争中存活,教会发展儿童、青年、家庭、社关、
– 大型教会与非宗派网络的兴起
– 美国宗教市场中,大型教会(megachurches)
– 这类教会虽引发神学与教会论争议,但从参与度角度看,
## 在整体下滑中的相对“高参与”
– 近年来的下降但仍相对偏高
– 尽管 21 世纪以来,美国教会出席率明显下降(定期出席比例从约 40% 降至约 30% 左右),但与大多数西欧国家相比,仍属偏高水平。[2][7]
– 宗教市场理论认为,这种“相对高参与”主要归因于:
– 持续的教派多元与激烈竞争;
– 新宗派不断涌现、旧教派不断创新;
– 没有国家教会垄断削弱供给动力。[1][4]
因此,从宗教市场理论的视角,
Sources
[1] The Consequences of Religious Market Structure – Sage Journals https://journals.sagepub.com/
[2] Cross-National Trends in Religious Service Attendance – PMC https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/
[3] Religious Economy | Research Starters – EBSCO https://www.ebsco.com/
[4] The churching of america, 1776-2005: Winners and losers in our … https://pure.psu.edu/en/
[5] [PDF] Religious Monopolies, Religious Pluralism, and Secularization https://www.religjournal.com/
[6] The churching of America, 1776-1990 : winners and losers in our … https://archive.org/details/
[7] Church Attendance Has Declined in Most U.S. Religious Groups https://news.gallup.com/poll/
[8] “The Churching of America, 1776-2005” by Roger Finke and … https://studycorgi.com/the-
[9] [PDF] Religion-Market Theory: A Qualitative Theory Testing https://journal.lasigo.org/
[10] Understanding Religious-Organizational Marketization: The Case of … https://academic.oup.com/jaar/
[11] The State of Church Attendance: Trends and Statistics [2025] https://www.churchtrac.com/
[12] The Great Falling Away: The Decline in Religious Services … https://www.heritage.org/
[13] Religious Change in America – PRRI https://prri.org/research/
[14] The economics of religious communities – ScienceDirect.com https://www.sciencedirect.com/
[15] [PDF] Religious Market Theory vs. Secularization – EconStor https://www.econstor.eu/
[16] Religious Worship Attendance in America: Evidence from Cellphone … https://bfi.uchicago.edu/