## 法律层面:政教分离与宗教自由
– 无国家教会垄断
– 宪法第一修正案禁止建立官方国教,也禁止政府偏袒某一宗教,
– 强保护“自由结社”
– 法律保障个人与团体自由成立教会、宗教机构并公开传教,
## 历史与文化:早期多宗派格局
– 殖民时期即多元
– 不同殖民地有不同宗教背景:新英格兰有清教徒,会有浸信会、
– “宗教多元=常态”的文化习惯
– 长期以来,美国社会习惯在同一城市、
## 移民与族群:持续输入新宗教“供给”
– 大规模、多波次移民
– 19–20 世纪的大量天主教、东正教、犹太移民,及 1965 年后来自亚洲、拉美、中东的移民,将天主教、东正教、福音派、
– 族裔教会与新宗教社群
– 新移民往往以教会/宗教中心维系语言、文化与互助网络,
## 政策与经济环境:宗教与“世俗竞争”的并存
– 周日不再受严格法律保护
– 随着“蓝法”(周日禁商法)的废除,人们在周日可以选择购物、
– 市场经济文化与策略思维
– 在整体市场化的经济文化中,教会自然而然采用“策略、品牌、
## 法律‑文化合力:对所有宗派的“中立开放”
– 政府的“宗派中立”
– 联邦法律要求在税务、注册、用地等方面对不同宗派基本一视同仁,
– 社会对多元的基本容忍
– 尽管存在冲突,美国整体上对宗教多元有较高容忍度,从“新教‑
综合来看:
– 宪法性的政教分离 + 强宗教自由
– 早期多宗派历史 + 持续移民输入
– 市场化文化 + 对多元的社会容忍
共同构成了一个“任何人几乎都可以成立教会并与既有教派竞争”
Sources
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[2] Religious Economy | Research Starters – EBSCO https://www.ebsco.com/
[3] First Amendment 101: The Freedom of Religion – ACLU of Arizona https://www.acluaz.org/news/
[4] First Amendment and Religion – United States Courts https://www.uscourts.gov/
[5] [PDF] Federal Law Protections for Religious Liberty – Department of Justice https://www.justice.gov/crt/
[6] AU | The separation of church and state protects us all. https://www.au.org
[7] Religion in Colonial America: Trends, Regulations, and Beliefs https://www.facinghistory.org/
[8] Religious Pluralism in the United States: 1960- Present – BU Blogs https://blogs.bu.edu/
[9] The Religious Affiliation of U.S. Immigrants: Majority Christian … https://www.pewresearch.org/
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[12] Understanding Religious-Organizational Marketization: The Case of … https://academic.oup.com/jaar/
[13] The economics of religious communities – ScienceDirect.com https://www.sciencedirect.com/
[14] In U.S., Far More Support Than Oppose Separation of Church and … https://www.pewresearch.org/
[15] [PDF] Church-state separation and redistribution https://www.asrec.org/wp-
[16] What explains the US’s high religiosity despite early separation of … https://www.facebook.com/
[17] [PDF] Church-state separation and redistribution – Political Science https://polisci.columbia.edu/
[18] Why have so many Christians in America forgotten that the … – Reddit https://www.reddit.com/r/