从长期来看,移民对美国各宗教团体信徒人数的影响是“
## 对基督教整体与内部的影响
– 基督徒仍占多数,但构成改变
– 在合法移民中,基督徒长期占多数,但比例从 1990 年代约 68% 降到 2010 年代初大约 61%,显示基督徒输入仍大,但相对份额下降。[3][1]
– 同期来自宗教少数(穆斯林、印度教徒等)的比例从约 19% 升到约 25%,使整体宗教版图更加多元。[2][1]
– 天主教人数被“托住”,新教内部重组
– 拉美移民为美国天主教带来大量新信徒,
– 移民中的新教徒更偏福音派/灵恩派,
## 对宗教少数与“无宗教者”的影响
– 宗教少数的缓慢增长
– 在合法移民中,穆斯林和印度教徒占比在 1992–2012 年间大致翻倍(穆斯林约从 5% 到 10%,印度教徒约从 3% 到 7%),长期累积使美国穆斯林、印度教群体人数稳步上升。[1]
– 这类宗教少数在总体人口中仍是小比例,
– 无宗教者在新移民中的比例上升,代际效应更显著
– 一些分析显示,新移民中“无宗教”(nothing in particular、无神论、不可知论)比例近年上升,从 2008 年约 14% 升到 2020 年代初约 20% 左右,说明移民本身也在世俗化。[7][8]
– 更关键的是第二、三代:研究发现,在移民后代中,
## 对宗教参与实践(非但人数)的影响
– 初期多有“出席率下滑”,长期看高度分化
– 一项全国性研究发现,多数新移民在来美后宗教聚会出席频率下降,
– 这意味着:短期内,移民本身常因语言、适应压力、
– 族裔教会的“蓄水池”效应
– 族裔教会在第一代中发挥强烈聚集功能,维系较高参与度;
## 总结式概括
– 对大宗教:
– 移民在数量上托住了天主教和部分福音派,
– 对宗教少数:
– 通过持续输入,使穆斯林、印度教徒等群体的基数稳步上升,
– 对无宗教者:
– 移民自身与其后代中“无宗教”比例上升,加上本地世俗化,
若用于写作,可以分别为“天主教、新教、宗教少数、无宗教者”
Sources
[1] The Religious Affiliation of U.S. Immigrants: Majority Christian … https://www.pewresearch.org/
[2] The Influence of Immigration and Generation Change on America … https://drpress.org/ojs/index.
[3] Religious affiliation of immigrants https://www.workingimmigrants.
[4] Immigration Gives Catholicism a Boost in the United States – PRB.org https://www.prb.org/resources/
[5] [PDF] The Impact of Immigration on American Christianity – Word and World https://wordandworld.
[6] The Effect of Immigration on Religious Belief and Practice https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/
[7] Would More Immigration Slow Secularization in the United States? https://www.
[8] Growing share of U.S. immigrants have no religious affiliation https://www.pewresearch.org/
[9] [PDF] The Influence of Immigration and Generation Change on America … https://pdfs.semanticscholar.
[10] The effect of immigration on religious belief and practice https://www.sciencedirect.com/
[11] [PDF] The Influence of Religion on Immigrant Structural Assimilation in the … https://scholarsarchive.byu.
[12] Religious Change in America – PRRI https://prri.org/research/
[13] 18. Religion and views on immigration and diversity https://www.pewresearch.org/
[14] A Land of Immigrants, a Shifting Religious Marketplace – Reflections https://reflections.yale.edu/
[15] [PDF] The Potential Impact of Deportations on American Christian Families https://www.usccb.org/
[16] The Religious Composition of the World’s Migrants https://www.pewresearch.org/