从课堂上比较的角度看,可以把两条路径当作两种“
## 一、联邦神学(法理—契约路径)的优势
– 法庭式清晰度高
– 把赎罪理解为基督替选民满足律法、承担刑罚,
– 对“上帝如何仍然公义却称罪人为义”的问题,
– 应许与确据的逻辑较直接
– 强调救恩完全建立在基督客观成就与神的约的应许上,与人的感觉、
– ordo salutis(救恩次序)提供一个较清晰的“属灵地图”,
– 伦理与责任感强调有力
– 契约与律法语言,能强烈强调人对上帝的责任、约的顺服、
## 二、联邦神学的局限(Torrance 视角下)
– 容易滑向外在化、制度化的救恩理解
– 当“约、律法、旨意”在概念上先于、甚至高于道成肉身被表述时,
– 本体联合与医治维度被削弱
– 若赎罪几乎等同于“罪罚交换+义的归算”,
– 容易造成内省焦虑与“条件感”
– 虽然强调“唯独恩典”,但在实际教会语境中,信徒容易把悔改、
## 三、尼西亚—Torrance 路径的优势
– 救恩与三一—基督论内在一致
– 以尼西亚 homoousion 与亚他那修“未取的不被医治”为纲,赎罪从头到尾被视为“
– 强调代替性人性与本体参与
– 基督不仅“替我们做了一些事”,而是“替我们做人”:祂的信心、
– 牧养上减弱“交易感”,强化“参与感”
– 呼召不再像是“上帝做了那一边,你来完成这边条件”,而是“
## 四、尼西亚路径的局限与风险点
– 法理清晰度可能模糊或被忽略
– 若讲授不慎,学生会感觉“参与、联合”的语言很美,但“
– 教义边界与普救论争议
– 部分对 Torrance 的解读在拣选与代表性人性上,被人担心会滑向“事实上的普救论”
– 教学门槛略高
– 学生若没有基本的尼西亚—亚他那修背景,“代替性人性”“
## 五、课堂上可用的一句综合评论
你可以用一句话给学生收束两边的优劣:
– “联邦神学长于把救恩讲成一套逻辑严密的法庭判决,
接着可引导学生思考:在自己的传统中,
Sources
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[2] The Ordo Salutis (The Order of Salvation) | Monergism https://www.monergism.com/
[3] Foundational Doctrines for Pastoral Counselors https://www.livestransforming.
[4] Federal Vision Pt. V: Practical Reasons to Denounce This Heresy https://covenantconfessions.
[5] Thomas Torrance’s Objection to Federal Theology: In Response to … https://growrag.wordpress.com/
[6] What Does Thomas Torrance Mean by ‘The Latin Heresy’? Jerome … https://growrag.wordpress.com/
[7] Inhabiting Reality: Thomas F. Torrance’s Criticisms of Dualism https://reformedforum.org/
[8] T. F. Torrance and the Latin Heresy – First Things https://firstthings.com/t-f-
[9] The Unassumed Is the Unhealed: The Humanity of Christ in the … https://www.
[10] God for Us!: The Latin Heresy Revisited – Martin Davis’s Blog http://martinmdavis.blogspot.
[11] [PDF] The Relationship between Incarnation and Atonement in the … https://digitalcommons.
[12] [PDF] THE TRINITARIAN SOTERIOLOGY OF THOMAS F. TORRANCE A … https://pure.manchester.ac.uk/
[13] Torrance: Christ’s vicarious humanity – The Surprising God https://thesurprisinggodblog.
[14] T.F. Torrance: The Vicarious Humanity of Jesus Christ, pt. 1 http://martinmdavis.blogspot.
[15] A Life Lived for Us: The Righteousness of God and the Vicarious … https://theologiansinc.
[16] Torrance: the goal of the atonement – The Surprising God https://thesurprisinggodblog.
[17] The Torrance Brothers on Worship https://worship-resources.org/
[18] Is Nicaea Enough? – Biblical Reasoning https://secundumscripturas.
[19] The Incarnation of God: The Mystery of the Gospel as the … https://www.
[20] [PDF] Thomas F. Torrance and the Problem of Universalism https://afkimel.wordpress.com/
[21] Torrance on election, freedom, universalism and hell https://thesurprisinggodblog.
[22] Nicene Metaphysics: Apprehending the Transcendence https://afkimel.wordpress.com/
[23] T.F. Torrance: General summary – God for Us! http://martinmdavis.blogspot.