從奧古斯丁到拉納,三一論大致走過一條「由本體優先、漸被經世啟示修正與重心轉移」的路徑,而拉納的貢獻在於用一個簡潔公理重新銜接内在三一與經世三一。[1][2][3][4]

## 一、奧古斯丁:本體三一作為西方典範

– 奧古斯丁在《論三位一體》中以「一實質三位格」為核心,透過心理類比(記憶、悟性、意志)來說明内在三一,是西方「由一入三」典範的關鍵代表。[5]
– 他嚴格區分神在自己裡的永恆關係(ad intra)與向外的差遣(ad extra),強調外在之工不分,但差遣真實顯明內在關係,為後來經世三一的思考預設了結構。[6][7][5]

## 二、中世紀與新經院:教義定型與抽象化

– 經尼西亞、君士坦丁堡、迦克墩等會議後,三一教義在語言與範疇上基本定型,中世紀在此基礎上發展出高度精緻的本體三一論與位格關係分析。[2]
– 近代天主教新經院思潮常被批評將三一論推向抽象哲學化,與救恩歷史與靈性經驗漸行漸遠,為 20 世紀的「三一復興」製造反彈背景。[1][2]

## 三、20 世紀前半:從巴特開始的「經世」轉向

– 卡爾‧巴特等人在 20 世紀初重新把三一論放回啟示與救恩論的中心,強調神在耶穌基督裡的自我啟示與行動是我們認識三一的起點,為後來的經世三一討論奠定基調。[3][4]
– 同時,自由主義與存在主義神學對個體救恩經驗的強調,也迫使三一論再次面對:這個教義與信徒實際得救、祈禱、敬拜有何關係的問題。[4][8]

## 四、拉納:Rahner’s Rule 的提出與意義

– 拉納指出天主教神學中三一論被邊緣化,甚至「即使三一教義被撤回,多數敬虔實踐也不會改變」,因此主張必須恢復三一論與救恩歷史、恩典神學的內在連結。[4][1]
– 他提出著名公理:「經世三一就是内在三一,内在三一就是經世三一」,用以表明:
– 啟示論上:我們唯有藉著神在歷史中的經世行動認識那位内在的三一神。[9][6]
– 本體上:這位在歷史中行動並自我溝通的,正是那一位内在三一神,而非第二個「功能上的神」。[6][9][1]

## 五、從奧古斯丁到拉納:延續與斷裂

– 延續面:
– 拉納承繼奧古斯丁的基本正統架構:一實質三位格、差遣顯明內在關係、外在之工不分等,並承認奧古斯丁強調的「神自我溝通」與「救恩必然是三一性的」。[3][5][1]
– 斷裂與修正面:
– 拉納批評西方傳統(以奧古斯丁式心理類比為代表)使三一論過度內向、抽象,與救恩歷史脫節,故刻意用「經世=内在」的強烈說法,將焦點推回啟示與歷史。[10][5][1]
– 然而學界也指出:拉納對奧古斯丁的批評部分失之簡化,因為奧古斯丁本身在聖經釋經與差遣論中,已經含有某種「經世啟示內在」的動態。[11][12][5]

## 六、當代反思:在拉納之後的「生命」

– 後拉納時期,三一論出現廣泛的「社會三一論」「關係本體論」等新方向,多以拉納公理為起點,卻又試圖細緻區分内在/經世,避免模態論與取消神的自由。[13][14][3]
– 新近研究傾向認為:
– 應肯定拉納促成的三一論復興與救恩取向,也重讀奧古斯丁,發現他在經世/内在關係上的潛能,而不是簡單對立兩者;
– 未來路向在於:既保持内在/經世「不可分」的互相關聯,又維持「可區分」的神學空間,以守住神的超越與自由。[5][10][3][6]

如果你希望,我可以把這條歷史線壓縮成一張「從奧古斯丁到拉納的關鍵節點」課堂用時間軸表,方便投影片呈現。

Sources
[1] An Assessment of Rahner’s Revitalization of Trinitarian Theology https://churchlifejournal.nd.edu/articles/an-assessment-of-karl-rahners-revitalization-of-trinitarian-theology/
[2] Historical development of trinitarian doctrine in Roman Catholicism https://verbumetecclesia.org.za/index.php/ve/article/view/2667/6128
[3] (PDF) Karl Rahner Between Augustine and the Cappadocians https://www.academia.edu/38529682/Karl_Rahner_Between_Augustine_and_the_Cappadocians_Patristic_Approaches_to_Understanding_the_Economic_and_Immanent_Trinity
[4] The Trinity—Yesterday, Today and the Future – The Gospel Coalition https://www.thegospelcoalition.org/themelios/article/the-trinity-yesterday-today-and-the-future/
[5] [PDF] AUGUSTINE IN CONTEMPORARY TRINITARIAN THEOLOGY https://theologicalstudies.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/56.2.2.pdf
[6] Immanent and Economic Trinity https://www.saet.ac.uk/Christianity/ImmanentandEconomicTrinity
[7] [PDF] 以心靈凝視永恆的上帝- 再論奧古斯丁三一神學 – taitheo https://ir.taitheo.org.tw/bitstream/987654321/6608/1/2016%3F%3F%3F%3F-%3F%3F%3F.pdf
[8] Revisiting Rahner: On the Theological Status of Trinitarian Theology https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/002114009806300202
[9] Karl Rahner’s Major Contribution to the Logical Coherence of the … https://cathedral.org.sg/courier-online/single/karl-rahners-major-contribution-to-the-logical-coherence-of-the-trinity
[10] [PDF] Renczes Fundamental Axiom in the Patristic Perspective.pdf https://www.unigre.it/unigre/sito/PUG_HG_03O820150936/uv_papers/1146/Renczes%20Fundamental%20Axiom%20in%20the%20Patristic%20Perspective.pdf
[11] Augustine, Rahner, and Trinitarian Exegesis – Bloomsbury Publishing https://www.bloomsbury.com/us/augustine-rahner-and-trinitarian-exegesis-9780567714848/
[12] Augustine, Rahner, and Trinitarian Exegesis: An Exploration of … https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/horizons/article/augustine-rahner-and-trinitarian-exegesis-an-exploration-of-augustines-exegesis-of-scripture-as-a-foundation-for-rahners-trinitarian-project-and-rule-by-martin-e-robinson-tt-clark-studies-in-systematic-theology-london-tt-clark-2024-xiv-230-pages-11500/3A31B9A0EB067F34A97A395A8AE07B1E
[13] Life After Rahner’s Rule – The Scriptorium Daily https://scriptoriumdaily.com/life-after-rahners-rule/
[14] Rahner’s Rule – Theopolis Institute https://theopolisinstitute.com/leithart_post/rahners-rule/
[15] Augustine, Rahner, and Trinitarian Exegesis – (T&t Clark Studies in … https://www.target.com/p/augustine-rahner-and-trinitarian-exegesis-t-t-clark-studies-in-systematic-theology-by-martin-e-robinson-paperback/-/A-1006854492
[16] Karl Rahner and the Unspoken Framework of (Much of) Modern … https://onepeterfive.com/karl-rahner-modern-theology/