可以把 Witness Lee 的“四合一有机实体”与 Zizioulas 的“共融人位教会观”放在同一张框架里看:两者都在谈“三一—教会—人”的深度合一,但用的是不同的本体论语言、不同的边界画法,也带出不同的神学风险。

## 一、共同点:三一—教会—人合一的强烈图像

– Witness Lee 读弗4:4–6,把“一个身体、一灵、一主、一神与众人的父”理解为“四合一有机实体”:父为源头、子为元素、灵为本质、身体为人这一面,是“神人与调和的有机体”;救恩的高峰是信徒与三一神“联结、调和、构成”,成为一个“divine–human constitution”。[1][2]
– Zizioulas 把教会理解为“在圣灵里参与三一共融的存在方式”:教会在圣餐中成为“多在一、一纳多”的共融身体,教会的本体就是三一神的共融在历史中的显现。[3][4][5]
– 两者都认为:
– 救恩的终点不是个体得赦免,而是人被带入神的生命与共融之中;
– 教会不是外加组织,而是三一神与人联合的本体性现实;
– “身体/共融”是理解教会的核心范畴,而非可有可无的比喻。[4][6][1]

## 二、结构上的相似:多与一、三一原型与教会身体

1. 多—一结构
– Witness Lee:三一神是一,教会是“一个身体”,但这个身体包括众多地方教会与信徒,是三一神与众圣徒“调和”的有机整体。[2][7][1]
– Zizioulas:在圣餐中,“多”在一饼一杯中成为“一”,而“一”又把“多”纳入自身——“one incorporates the many”,地方教会是“多在一、一纳多”的圣餐共融。[5][3]

2. 三一原型
– Witness Lee:三一神在本体上是三又一,在经纶上“经过过程并分赐”,使教会成为一个“神人调和体”;四合一实体就是“父、子、灵与身体的调和”。[6][1]
– Zizioulas:三一神本身就是“共融中的一”“他者性成就合一”,教会作为“being as communion”的存在方式,是三一共融在受造界的延伸与参与。[8][4]

这使得两者在“用三一结构理解教会多—一”上,有一定同构性:三一是原型,教会是受造参与。

## 三、关键差异一:本体论语言——“调和有机体” vs.“共融人位”

1. Witness Lee:调和、有机、实体
– 他的四合一表述强调“调和(mingling)”与“有机体(organism)”:三一神与信徒在生命与性情上调和成为一个有机实体,但他明确说教会“并不成为神head里的第四位”,不改变三一神的本体结构。[9][10][1]
– “有机体”语言侧重生命、生长、功能与内在构成;“实体(entity)”则带有强烈本体论色彩,使四合一看起来像一个“扩展了的神人存在整体”。[11][1]

2. Zizioulas:人位、共融、他者性
– 他用“人位(personhood)”“共融(communion)”“他者性(otherness)”来谈三一与教会:本体论重心在“位格的在关系中存在”,而不是“实体调和”。[12][13][8]
– 教会不是一个“扩展的神—人实体”,而是“多个人位在圣灵里参与三一共融”的存在方式;每一个人位保持他者性,在共融中被成全。[14][4]

对比:
– Witness Lee 的语言容易让人联想“一体中的成分调和”;
– Zizioulas 则强调“位格在共融中”,避免用“实体调和”描述神人与人的联合。

## 四、关键差异二:合一的边界——地方立场与职事 vs. 圣餐—主教共融

1. Witness Lee:四合一+地方立场
– 四合一有机实体在实行上被落实为“身体的独一在每一地方以一地方召会显出”,并与“一地一会”的立场、反宗派实践紧密结合。[15][16][2]
– 合一的边界在实际操作中常由“地方立场+职事话语”来界定:在“主恢复”的话语与实行中,众地方召会构成“宇宙一召会”的实际显出。[16][17][2]

2. Zizioulas:圣餐—主教共融
– 合一的边界由“是否参与正统信仰并在圣餐—主教结构中共融”界定;哪里有由主教按正统信仰主持的圣餐,那里就有天主教教会;破坏共融而坚持异端者在边界之外。[18][19][20]
– 他较少用某一“职事传统”作为教会合一的唯一载体,而以圣餐共融和主教团为合一载体。[21][4]

对比:
– Witness Lee 用一个四合一图像+地方召会实践来规范“谁在身体实际里”;
– Zizioulas 用圣餐—主教共融规范“谁在教会共融里”。两者都强调合一,却在“谁有权定义合一”上路径不同。

## 五、关键差异三:人位与他者性——参与 vs. 被调和

1. Zizioulas:重视他者性与自由
– 在他看来,人位就是“在共融中的他者”,共融并不消解差异;教会是一个“他者性被尊重又被拥抱”的场域。[4][8][14]
– 这使他非常敏锐地警惕任何形式的“统一=同质化”,认为真共融要保护多样性。

2. Witness Lee:强调否认己、同魂、同一实行
– 地方教会实践中,四合一有机实体常被用来反对自治与多样制度:他明确说教会“既不自治也不联邦”,而是在独一、有机的身体交通中行动。[7][2]
– 在实际训练话语中,高度强调“同魂、同意、同一说话”,以免“有机体被分割”;这很容易在实践上压缩“他者性”,使人位更被理解为“被神分赐并调和、顺服身体的成分”。[22][2]

对比:
– Zizioulas 的共融观一手抓合一,一手抓他者性,理论上为差异留出空间;
– Witness Lee 的四合一实体更强调“在一个有机实行中的高度一致”,容易在实践中牺牲多样性来保守统一。

## 六、一句可直接用于论文的小结

> Witness Lee 的“四合一有机实体”与 Zizioulas 的“共融教会论”在大方向上都试图用三一模式理解教会的多与一,并都坚持教会不是组织而是从三一救恩中涌现的生命性现实:前者以“父、子、灵与身体调和的有机实体”描述三一神与教会的合一,强调在地方召会与主恢复中活出这一“神人与调和体”;后者则以“人位—共融—他者性”的本体论框架,将教会界定为在圣餐—主教结构中参与三一共融的“存在方式”。 然而,两者在合一的具体边界与人位结构上有显著差异:Witness Lee 借“四合一”图像支持“一地一会”与职事主导的合一实践,使合一边界紧密系于地方立场与特定职事传统, 而 Zizioulas 则把教会合一的判准置于圣餐—主教共融与正统信仰之中,并在“共融与他者性”的张力中力图保护多样性不被同质化所吞没。[19][1][2][3][5][6][8][15][16][18][4]

Sources
[1] Four-in-one: Witness Lee & Trinitarian Ecclesiology | conversant faith https://conversantfaith.com/2025/06/12/four-in-one-witness-lee-and-trinitarian-ecclesiology/
[2] The intrinsic fellowship of the churches for their organic relationship https://bibleread.online/all-books-by-Watchman-Nee-and-Witness-Lee/book-organic-building-up-of-the-church-as-the-body-of-christ-to-be-the-organism-of-the-processed-and-dispensing-triune-god-the-Witness-Lee-read-online/4/
[3] [PDF] The One and Many: An Examination of John Zizioulas’ Ecclesiology https://www.cjoc.ca/pdf/Vol_IX_3_1_Mong_A.pdf
[4] The Theology of John Zizioulas – Introduction – Douglas Knight https://resourcesforchristiantheology.org/john-zizioulas-the-ecclesiological-presuppositions-of-the-holy-eucharist/
[5] The Individual and the Church – John Zizioulas Foundation https://zizioulas.org/reception/as-others-saw-him/the-individual-and-the-church
[6] The Triune God and the Believers Became an Incorporation in … https://agodman.com/the-triune-god-and-the-believers-became-an-incorporation-in-christs-resurrection/
[7] Among the Churches we have the Fellowship of the Body of Christ … https://agodman.com/among-churches-we-have-fellowship-body-christ-not-organization/
[8] [PDF] Communion and otherness in John Zizioulas’ theology of … – Domuni https://www.domuni.eu/media/kit_upload/PDF/en/resources/index.pdf
[9] four-in-one – Contending for the Faith https://contendingforthefaith.org/en/tag/four-in-one
[10] Addressing the Open Letter’s Concerns On the Nature of Humanity … https://www.equip.org/articles/addressing-the-open-letters-concerns-on-the-nature-of-humanity-part-3-of-a-reassessment-of-the-local-church-movement-of-watchman-nee-and-witness-lee/
[11] Practical and Organic Building Up of the Church, The, глава 3 https://bibleread.online/all-books-by-Watchman-Nee-and-Witness-Lee/book-practical-and-organic-building-up-of-the-church-the-Witness-Lee-read-online/3/
[12] [PDF] Communion and Otherness – jbburnett.com https://jbburnett.com/resources/zizioulas/zizioulas-comm&otherness.pdf
[13] The Theology of John Zizioulas: Personhood and the Church https://www.academia.edu/145115435/The_Theology_of_John_Zizioulas_Personhood_and_the_Church
[14] Take and Read: Being as Communion | National Catholic Reporter https://www.ncronline.org/blogs/ncr-today/take-and-read-being-communion
[15] Keeping the Oneness of the Body on the Ground of Locality https://www.agodman.com/keeping-the-unique-oneness-of-the-body-of-christ-on-the-unique-ground-of-locality/
[16] THE RECOVERY OF THE PRACTICE OF THE LOCAL CHURCHES https://www.ministrysamples.org/excerpts/THE-RECOVERY-OF-THE-PRACTICE-OF-THE-LOCAL-CHURCHES.HTML
[17] Witness Lee and Local Church Doctrine: The Minister of the Age https://www.reddit.com/r/TrueChristian/comments/1dzx8f3/witness_lee_and_local_church_doctrine_the/
[18] Foundations for John Zizioulas’ Approach to Ecclesial Communion https://www.academia.edu/122320609/Foundations_for_John_Zizioulas_Approach_to_Ecclesial_Communion
[19] Zizioulas on the Local Church: the problem of the parish https://avowofconversation.wordpress.com/2009/04/06/zizioulas-on-the-local-church-the-problem-of-the-parish/
[20] [PDF] JOHN ZIZIOULAS’ ECCLESIOLOGY OF ‘THE ONE AND THE MANY’ https://ourarchive.otago.ac.nz/view/pdfCoverPage?instCode=64OTAGO_INST&filePid=13397277520001891&download=true
[21] The Mystery of the Church in Orthodox Tradition https://zizioulas.org/library/articles/the-mystery-of-the-church-in-orthodox-tradition
[22] Concerning Hierarchy and Organization – Shepherding Words https://shepherdingwords.com/concerning-hierarchy-and-organization/
[23] ETS 2016: “The Divine Trinity in the Teaching of Witness Lee” https://an-open-letter.org/en/ets-2016-the-divine-trinity-in-the-teaching-of-witness-lee/
[24] An Introduction to Witness Lee’s Doctrine of the Trinity | The Journal … https://academic.oup.com/jts/article-abstract/76/1/238/8046240
[25] Concerning the Triune God — the Father, the Son, and the Spirit https://bibleread.online/all-books-by-Watchman-Nee-and-Witness-Lee/book-concerning-the-triune-godthe-father-the-son-and-the-spirit-Witness-Lee-read-online/1/