梅延多夫对路德“唯信称义”的态度,可以概括为:既肯定其历史必要性和福音性意图,又认为它仍被困在西方“法庭化/奥古斯丁化”的框架内,未触及东方神化式救恩观的核心。[1][2][3]

## 一、正面评价:回到活的上帝与十字架福音

– 他认为路德的出发点,是对经院晚期“极度法庭化”的救恩观的反抗:在那种模式下,救恩被理解为“满足—功德—习性恩典(habitus)—可得功劳”的体系,路德借“唯信称义”重新高举神单方面的恩典。[1]
– 梅延多夫指出,路德要“回到新约”,恢复一个活的、说话的上帝(“圣经的神、创造与主宰的神”),并在“信心”中重新发现人与这位上帝的直接关系,而非经由功德与法庭体系周转。[4][1]
– 他也肯定路德“十字架神学”的维度:路德强调“显明又隐藏的神”(Deus revelatus et absconditus),在十字架中认识神,这在梅延多夫看来比经院理性化的神观更接近东方对奥秘与十字架的重心。[4][1]

## 二、批评与限度:仍属“西方问题的西方答案”

– 梅延多夫认为:宗教改革提出的是一个“在西方框架内的纠偏”,即在安瑟伦—奥古斯丁式“罪责—满足—法庭”结构中,强调恩典与信心的绝对性,却没有从根本上重思“救恩=战胜死亡、进入神化”的东方视角。[3][1]
– 在他看来,“唯信称义”把焦点放在“人在神面前如何被宣告为义、如何在审判中站立得住”,而东方传统更关心“人如何在基督里被医治、参与神生命、战胜死亡”;因此,他不否认路德抓住了福音中一个关键维度,但认为其问题设定本身就是西方式的。[2][3]
– 他也会觉得,“唯信称义”若被绝对化为“教会站立或倾倒的惟一教义”(Luther/Calvin 的说法),就会削弱救恩整体的神化向度,使救恩过度聚焦在法庭状态而非存在更新。[2][3]

## 三、对你比较框架的对接提示

– 在你的救恩论对比时,可以用一句话呈现梅延多夫的判断:
– “路德的唯信称义,在历史上纠正了经院对功德与机械圣礼的滥用,恢复了恩典与十字架的锋利性(正面)。但它仍然以‘如何在公义神面前被宣告为义’为中心设问,没有把‘战胜死亡并进入神化’作为救恩核心(限度)。”[3][1]
– 在课堂上,你可以引导学生看到:
– 东方:救恩主要被问为“如何参与神生命、战胜死亡?”
– 路德:被问为“我如何在圣洁神面前得称为义?”
– 改革宗:在路德问题上再加上系统化的拣选—称义—成圣结构。
然后用“与基督联合/神化”作为更高层级的共同语言,把“称义”视为这个联合中的一个关键维度,而不是全部。[5][6][7]

Sources
[1] John Meyendorff – THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE REFORMATION IN … https://www.scribd.com/document/493540138/John-Meyendorff-THE-SIGNIFICANCE-OF-THE-REFORMATION-IN-THE-HISTORY-OF-CHRISTENDOM
[2] What the Orthodox Believe | Christian History Magazine https://christianhistoryinstitute.org/magazine/article/what-orthodox-believe
[3] [PDF] Byzantine Theology: Historical Trends and Doctrinal Themes https://www.thetbs.org/study-materials/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/Byzantine-Theology-Historical-Trends-and-Doctrinal-Themes-by-John-Meyendorff-z-lib.org_.epub_.pdf
[4] [PDF] Concordia Theological Seminary JUSTIFICATION AND … https://ctsfw.net/media/pdfs/StuckwischJustificationandDeification.pdf
[5] Salvation as Theosis: The Teaching of Eastern Orthodoxy https://www.thegospelcoalition.org/themelios/article/salvation-as-theosis-the-teaching-of-eastern-orthodoxy/
[6] The Meaning of Theosis As the Goal of Christian Life https://www.tgoc.ut.goarch.org/spirituality.htm
[7] Union with Christ Is at the Heart of Reformation Theology https://www.crossway.org/articles/union-with-christ-is-at-the-heart-of-reformation-theology/
[8] Faith, Love, and Justification in Orthodox Christianity https://www.stanneallsaintsworcestershire.org.uk/bible-study-and-theology/faith-love-and-justification-in-orthodox-christianity
[9] How orthodox church see the reformation and Luther’s theology https://www.facebook.com/groups/ask.about.the.orthodox.faith/posts/7465954896758382/
[10] Extremely confused and need clarification on Luther’s stance on … https://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/53edmx/extremely_confused_and_need_clarification_on/
[11] a Conversation Between Lutheranism and Orthodoxy – Academia.edu https://www.academia.edu/37563665/Justification_and_Sanctification_a_Conversation_Between_Lutheranism_and_Orthodoxy
[12] Justification in Lutheran Theology – externalword.blog https://externalword.blog/2016/12/25/justification-in-lutheran-theology/
[13] Orthodoxy and Western Christianity: For Lutherans http://orthodoxinfo.com/inquirers/inq_lutherans.aspx
[14] Justification and Deification in the Dialogue Between the Tübingen … https://www.angelfire.com/ny4/djw/lutherantheology.stuckwisch.html
[15] Luther in 1520: Justification by Faith Alone – Reformed Faith & Practice https://journal.rts.edu/article/luther-in-1520-justification-by-faith-alone/
[16] What is the Orthodox understanding of Lutheran’s and Reformed … https://www.facebook.com/groups/ask.about.the.orthodox.faith/posts/9844923222194859/
[17] Are Evangelicalism and Eastern Orthodoxy Compatible? https://www.modernreformation.org/resources/essays/are-evangelicalism-and-eastern-orthodoxy-compatible-