这些因素像几股“外在动力”,
## 社会阶层流动的影响
– 阶层“上升”会推动宗派走向教派化
– 研究发现,上层与中产阶层更集中在组织更稳定、礼仪更规范的“
– 当一个原本以工人、弱势阶层为主的宗派,其成员在一两代中教育、
– 阶层“分化”会促成新的分裂
– 若一个教派内部出现明显的阶层断裂(
## 教育水平变化的影响
– 教育提升会改变教义表达与权威结构
– 多项研究显示,受教育年限增加会提高人们参与宗教活动的频率,
– 为了留住受高等教育的一代,教派往往发展系统神学教育、
– 教育差异会制造内部张力
– 同一教派内部,教育水平差异过大时,常在政治伦理、
## 政治结构与政教关系的影响
– 宗教垄断(国教)与宗教自由的不同路径
– 在国教或政教合一体制下,某一教派往往被国家认定为“官方教会”
– 在强调政教分离、宗教自由的体制中,没有一个教派可以垄断资源,
– 政治变动会迫使教派调整路线
– 当一个国家经历民主化、威权化或革命时,
## 族群与移民模式的影响
– 族裔—教派绑定与“族裔教会”
– 许多教派在特定国家或地区,实际上是某个族裔或移民群体的宗教—
– 在这一阶段,教派的发展轨迹紧紧跟随该族群的迁移、
– 第二代、第三代移民会重塑教派形态
– 随着后代使用主流语言、认同主流文化,对原本“族裔化”
## 宗教市场竞争的影响
– 竞争促使教派“专业化”“品牌化”
– “宗教经济理论”认为,在宗教多元、没有国家垄断的环境中,
– 一旦进入长期竞争状态,
– 竞争也会引发再分裂与创新
– 在市场中,若原有教派被认为过于妥协或缺乏活力,
总的来说,这些共同因素不是彼此孤立的,
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