下面是一个“教学版”压缩 grid，6 个轴线，专门用来在路德—Cooper—典型改革宗 theosis 之间切换听众。改革宗这列用的是以 Horton、当代“Reformed theosis”讨论（Murphy 等）、Monergism 文章等为代表的主流路线。[1][2][3][4][5]

### 教学版：Cooper 式 theosis 与东正教 / 路德 / 改革宗对照

| 轴线 | 东正教 theosis（Lossky / Palamas 等） | Luther（按当代 theosis 研究归纳） | Jordan Cooper：Christification（路德化 theosis） | 典型改革宗 theosis（Horton 等） |
| — | — | — | — | — |
| 1. 核心定义 | theosis = 在不受造能量中参与神的生命，“按恩典成神”；保留本质–能量区分，人只参与能量，不参与本质。[6][7][8][9][10] | “成神 / 有份神性”= 在与基督联合的奇妙交换中分享祂的义、生命、不朽；是“在基督里”的参与性语言，不是本质改变。[11][12][13] | Christification = 通过与位格性的基督联合，在信心与圣礼中分享祂人性中所获得的不朽、荣耀与神性恩赐；theosis 被重述为“基督化”。[14][15][16][17] | theosis = 通过与基督联合，参与祂人性中所成就的一切（称义、收纳为子、成圣、荣耀），在形象上“像神”；通常强调“类神化”（God‑likeness），避免文脉外的本体神化。[1][2][4][3] |
| 2. 与称义/义的关系 | 称义不是中心范畴；更重“医治 / 神化”整体过程，司法语言较弱，义主要在关系与参与中理解。[6][7][9] | 称义=外来义的宣告；“成神/有份神性”放在奇妙交换与联合框架内，多连接成圣、生命更新，而非改写称义定义。[11][12][18] | 明确区分但连结：称义仍是外来义的法庭宣告；Christification/theosis 位于神秘联合与成圣—荣耀，是已被称义之人的参与性成长。[15][19] | 坚守“因信称义”中心：theosis/participation 主要用来描述“在基督里”所获的 adoption、成圣与末世荣耀，而不改写称义为内在成义。[1][3][4] |
| 3. 联合结构（ordo） | 整体救恩 = 受洗入教会→圣礼与修道→在不受造之光中被神化；不以“称义/成圣”二分组织结构。[7][9] | 联合–交换是大框架：信心联合→称义→神秘联合→成圣→荣耀；神化语汇多浮现在联合与成圣语境。[11][12] | 明确四层：一般联合（受造于道）、客观联合（道成肉身）、信心联合（称义）、神秘联合（Christification/成圣与荣耀）；theosis 主要指第 4 层，植根于前 3 层。[14][15] | 联合是“组织原则”：在永恒（拣选）、历史（客观救赎）、个人（呼召、称义、成圣）、末世（荣耀）全程中“在基督里”；theosis 常被视作“在基督里”达到荣耀/八福视见时的高峰描述。[1][2][20][4] |
| 4. 参与的形上学 | 典型的是本质–能量区分：参与神的不受造能量（光、恩典、荣耀），永不触及本质；强调静观祈祷及塔波山之光经验。[6][7][8][9][10] | 不建构本质–能量系统；用“奇妙交换 + 与基督联合”表达参与：在位格性道成肉身里，分享神性生命与恩赐，但受造–非受造界线不被打破。[21][18] | 拒绝东正式本质–能量框架，采用“基督论–圣道圣礼”形上学：在基督人性中，神性恩赐被传递；信徒透过圣礼与信心参与这已被神化的人性，从而“基督化”。[14][15][16] | 多不采用本质–能量技术语；以“在基督里”+“圣灵内住”描述参与：信徒在圣灵里参与基督的人性及其救赎善果；有些当代改革宗（Edwards 路线、Habets 论 Torrance）会用“theosis”来形容这种参与，但严格保持受造–非受造区分。[22][23][2][4] |
| 5. 圣礼与教会生活 | theosis 与圣礼/礼仪/修道密不可分：洗礼、圣餐、忏悔、静观祈祷是神化路径的核心实践场所。[7][9] | 强调圣礼为联合与奇妙交换的实际施予之处，但传统新教解释往往在灵修上发挥不足；当代 theosis 研究正是要从这些地方挖出参与维度。[11][12] | 极度圣礼性：洗礼与圣餐是 Christification 发生与加增的关键器官；教会礼仪生活是基督化与神秘联合的“栖位”，非可有可无的附属。[14][15] | 改革宗传统看圣礼为“恩典之管道”，当代 theosis 讨论中（如部分 Monergism 文章、Edwards 研究）重新强调圣餐中参与基督身体与生命的维度，但对东正教式修道/静观路径整体上更保守。[1][4][22][24] |
| 6. 灵修与伦理指向 | 灵修目标 = 成为“按恩典的神”：在爱、谦卑与不受造之光中被彻底更新；禁食、心祷、礼仪参与是核心修行。[7][9] | 灵修多以悔改、十架试炼、在呼召中爱邻舍为重；“成神/小基督”语句聚焦于：在具体关系中成为基督的形象，活出祂的爱与公义。[25][26][18] | 灵修目标 = “基督化”：在信心与圣礼里活出基督的人性样式；theosis 话语用来强化成圣与灵命成长的本体根基，同时坚守福音的外在客观性。[14][15] | 灵修目标 = 在基督里被圣灵塑造，恢复真像，最终在荣耀中见神面（有时明确称作“deification 与 beatific vision 的汇合”）；实践上强调日常召命中的成圣、圣礼参与、群体敬拜。[1][2][4][3] |

如果你想，我可以再单独做一张更小的对照表，只列 Cooper vs 典型改革宗 theosis（不含东正教和 Luther），专门针对改革宗/福音派课堂，用来说明：Cooper 在何处与他们高度同构（联合、圣礼、成圣），又在何处明显路德化（称义的绝对优先、圣礼论的厚度）。

Sources
[1] Union with Christ by Michael Horton, Ph.D. – Monergism | https://www.monergism.com/thethreshold/articles/questions/horton/union.html
[2] God Himself in His Very Substance – Credo Magazine https://credomag.com/article/god-himself-in-his-very-substance/
[3] “Reformed Theosis?”: A Response to Gannon Murphy – Academia.edu https://www.academia.edu/1038851/_Reformed_Theosis_A_Response_to_Gannon_Murphy
[4] Theosis | Monergism https://www.monergism.com/theosis
[5] Covenant & Salvation Union with Christ | DTS Book Center https://bookstore.dts.edu/covenant-salvation-union-christ
[6] Vladimir Lossky – Essences and Energies – MYRIOBIBLOS https://www.myriobiblos.gr/texts/english/lossky_essences.html
[7] The Teaching of St Gregory Palamas: Theosis is Possible Through … https://anothercity.org/the-teaching-of-st-gregory-palamas-theosis-is-possible-through-the-uncreated-energies-of-god/
[8] Vladimir Lossky on the Essence and Energies of God – OrthodoxWord https://orthodoxword.wordpress.com/2010/03/02/vladimir-lossky-on-the-essence-and-energies-of-god/
[9] The Taboric Light – 08 – Grace as God’s Uncreated Energy https://sites.google.com/site/thetaboriclight/theology/08-grace-as-gods-uncreated-energy
[10] Essence–energies distinction – Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essence%E2%80%93energies_distinction
[11] [PDF] Luther and Theosis – Concordia Theological Seminary, Fort Wayne https://www.ctsfw.net/media/pdfs/marquartlutherandtheosis.pdf
[12] Luther and theosis: Deification in the theology of Martin Luther https://epublications.marquette.edu/dissertations/AAI9929163/
[13] Deification: A Truly Ecumenical Concept – Reformed Journal https://reformedjournal.com/2015/07/01/deification-truly-ecumenical-concept/
[14] Christification: A Lutheran Approach to Theosis – Goodreads https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/22999139-christification
[15] A Review of Jordan Cooper’s Christification https://www.theconservativereformer.com/articles/some-thoughts-on-christification
[16] Defining Christification | Jordan Cooper – Patheos https://www.patheos.com/blogs/justandsinner/defining-christification/
[17] Christification: A Lutheran Approach to Theosis – Logos Bible Software https://www.logos.com/product/144111/christification-a-lutheran-approach-to-theosis
[18] Living wounds (anfechtungen) or blacksmithing of the human soul … http://www.scielo.org.za/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1015-87582022000200005
[19] The Rejuvenation of Theosis in Lutheran Scholasticism https://regensburgforum.com/2016/06/29/the-rejuvenation-of-theosis-in-lutheran-scholasticism/
[20] Michael Horton on Union with Christ… – The World’s Ruined https://theworldsruined.blogspot.com/2017/09/michael-horton-on-union-with-christ.html
[21] Martin Luther’s Mirifica Commutatio, ‘The Wonderful Exchange’ https://growrag.wordpress.com/2011/07/25/martin-luthers-mirifica-commutatio-the-wonderful-exchange/
[22] Jonathan Edwards, Theosis, and the Reformed Tradition – Ad Fontes https://adfontesjournal.com/theology/jonathan-edwards-theosis-and-the-reformed-tradition/
[23] Theosis in the Theology of Thomas Torrance | Myk Habets https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/mono/10.4324/9781315551173/theosis-theology-thomas-torrance-myk-habets
[24] Theosis and Our Salvation in Christ – Orthodox-Reformed Bridge https://orthodoxbridge.com/2014/11/03/theosis-and-our-salvation-in-christ/
[25] God’s Grace Received Must Be Bestowed by Martin Luther https://www.blueletterbible.org/Comm/luther_martin/Incarnation/Gods_Grace_Received_Must_Be_Bestowed.cfm
[26] Luther, Lewis, and “Little Christs” – Ask the Pastor https://xrysostom.blogspot.com/2007/03/luther-lewis-and-christs.html
[27] Karl Barth’s Reformed Doctrine of Theosis in Contradistinction to the … https://growrag.wordpress.com/2017/04/11/karl-barths-reformed-doctrine-of-theosis-in-contradistinction-to-the-eastern-orthodox/
[28] Reformed Perspective on Theosis – The Puritan Board https://puritanboard.com/threads/reformed-perspective-on-theosis.79141/
[29] Reformed view on Theosis? – Reddit https://www.reddit.com/r/Reformed/comments/1au3xbm/reformed_view_on_theosis/
[30] [PDF] Theosis (Deification) as a Biblical and Historical Doctrine https://hrcak.srce.hr/file/319716
[31] Covenant and Salvation: Union With Christ – Westminster Bookstore https://www.wtsbooks.com/products/covenant-and-salvation-michael-horton-9780664231637
[32] Reformed Theosis? – Semantic Scholar https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Reformed-Theosis-Murphy/31685f659b3bd4319a532b6f1ce5a88feb488b13