下面是你要的“扩展版教学 grid”，在上一版基础上加入 T. F. Torrance 和 Jonathan Edwards 两条改革宗 theosis 线，同时整体压到 7 个轴线，方便课堂使用。
### 扩展教学版：Cooper 式 theosis 与东正教 / 路德 / 改革宗（Horton / Torrance / Edwards）对照
| 轴线 | 东正教 theosis（Lossky / Palamas） | Luther（theosis 向度） | Jordan Cooper：Christification | 改革宗主流（Horton 等） | T. F. Torrance（按 Habets 等） | Jonathan Edwards（按 Salladin、近年研究） |
| — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 1. 核心定义 | theosis = 在不受造能量中参与神生命，“按恩典成神”；本质–能量区分为护栏。[1][2][3][4][5] | “成神/有份神性” = 在奇妙交换中分享基督的义、生命、不朽；强烈参与语汇，但不讲本质改变。[6][7][8] | Christification = 通过与位格化的基督联合，在信心与圣礼中分享祂人性中所获之不朽与荣耀；theosis → “基督化”。[9][10][11][12] | 借“在基督里/union with Christ”谈类似 theosis：参与基督工作与益处，被塑造为神的形像；多数保留“deification”一词但加粗体说明是“类神化”。[13][14][15][16] | theosis 是一条“统摄隐喻”：在道成肉身与代赎之基督里，人被带入三一神的共融，分享子对父的敬拜与顺服；整个救赎史从起初就以 divinisation 为目的。[17][18][19][20] | theosis = 特殊恩典的高峰：三一神把神圣的丰满超自然地灌注于重生者，使其参与神的美德与喜乐，但保持造物主–受造物界限；是 Edwards 式“参与神的丰满”的 Reformed 版本。[21][22][23][24] |
| 2. 与称义 / 义的关系 | 称义非中心术语；神化与医治、更新、参与合一；司法维度弱。[1][2] | 称义 = 外来义宣告；“成神/有份神性”在联合与成圣中展开，不重写称义本身。[6][7] | 坚持称义优先：称义为外来义的司法宣告；Christification/theosis 位于神秘联合–成圣–荣耀序列中。[10][25] | “因信称义”中心不动摇；参与/神化语言多用在成圣与荣耀上，称义保持纯司法、在联合框架内理解。[13][16][15] | 强调“客观称义”与“代赎人性”：在基督 vicarious humanity 中，神已为人作出完美顺服与敬拜；theosis 是信徒被带入这已成就的义与敬拜之中，称义–参与紧密相连但仍可区分。[17][20][26] | 视称义为神化过程的一环：神“悦纳”与“收纳”为子，目的是让人参与神的美德与喜乐；但 Edwards 自觉保持加尔文传统的归算与恩典单边性，theosis 是在此基础上的“参与丰满”。[21][23][24] |
| 3. 联合结构 / 救恩秩序 | 受洗入教会→圣礼＋修道→静观祈祷与不受造之光→神化；不以“称义/成圣”结构统摄。[2][4] | 联合–交换为母图：信心联合→称义→神秘联合→成圣→荣耀；神化语汇多在联合与成圣处出现。[6][7] | 四层联合：一般联合→客观联合（道成肉身）→信心联合（称义）→神秘联合（Christification）；theosis 专指最后一层，根基在前三层。[9][10] | 联合是组织原则：拣选–客观救赎–主观呼召/称义–成圣–荣耀，全程“在基督里”；theosis 描述“在基督里”的最终成全（荣耀 / 真像完全）。[13][14][27][15] | 以道成肉身为轴心：创造从一开始就“预定在基督里”，theosis 是创造的 telos；整个救恩秩序围绕“在基督的人性中与三一相交”组织，洗礼和圣餐是 theosis 的核心节点。[17][18][19] | 以“三一–特殊恩典–创造目的”联动组织：三一的自我沟通 → 圣灵在重生/成圣中的内住 → 最终参与神的美德与荣耀；theosis 是“神在创造与救赎中的最终目的”之实现形式。[23][21][24] |
| 4. 参与的形上学 | 本质–能量区分：永不参与本质，只参与能量；静观传统强调在不受造之光中经验这种参与。[1][2][3][4][5] | 不建构本质–能量架构；以“与位格化的基督联合 + 奇妙交换”来说明参与：受造–非受造界限保留，但在基督里有真实分享。[28][29] | 基督论–圣礼形上学：在基督人性中，神性恩赐（不朽、荣耀等）被沟通给人性；信徒通过圣礼与信心参与这已被神化的人性，从而“基督化”。[9][10][11] | 多采用“在基督里 + 圣灵内住”作为参与语汇，不发展本质–能量区分；一些“Reformed theosis”提案（Murphy 等）主张以“participation”作为中性术语，避免误会。[16][15][23] | 强调“位格性–本体性参与”：在位格联合（hypostatic union）里，基督人性成为神人与人交汇点；圣灵使我们参与“代赎人性”的顺服与敬拜，从而被带入三一的 perichoretic 生命，但不混淆本质。[17][18][20][30] | 强调“神圣沟通 / 流溢”（communication / efflux）：神的荣耀、本性之美与爱通过圣灵沟通给受造心灵，使之“参与神的美德与喜乐”；这是强烈的“参与形上学”，但悉在造物主–受造物区分之内。[21][23][24] |
| 5. 圣礼与教会 | theosis 深度圣礼性与教会性：洗礼、圣餐、忏悔、修道团体、礼仪是神化的主场。[2][4] | 圣礼 = 联合与奇妙交换的施予处，但新教后期灵修上常被弱化；当代 theosis 研究试图从这里重新发掘参与性。[6][7] | 洗礼与圣餐是 Christification 的核心媒介与“加增点”；教会是三一与人相交的空间，theosis 在礼仪与共同体中推进。[9][10] | 圣礼 = 恩典之管道；有 theosis 意识的改革宗会更强调圣餐中真实的“参与基督人性与生命”，但整体修道人文比东正教更淡。[13][15][31] | Habets 总结：在 Torrance 那里，“theosis 是从头到尾都是敬拜”，而敬拜的场所就是教会礼仪；洗礼“启始 theosis”，圣餐持续中介参与，教会是 theosis 的主要 locus。[17][18][19] | Edwards 将教会与圣礼纳入“大终极目的”图景：聚会与圣餐是参与神荣耀与喜乐的场所，是神圣“流溢”的集中点，但他更常用“属灵经验/情感”语言来描述这种参与。[23][21][22] |
| 6. 灵修与伦理指向 | 目标 = “按恩典为神”：在爱、谦卑、不受造之光中被彻底更新；修道、心祷是典型路径。[2][4] | 聚焦十字架神学、试炼与日常呼召；“成神/小基督”主要指在爱中成为神的形象/基督在邻舍中的临在。[32][33][29] | 目标 = “基督化”：在生活中活出基督人性的样式；theosis 话语支撑圣洁与属灵成长的本体根基，同时守住外在福音的安慰。[9][10] | 目标 = 在召命与群体生活中被圣灵逐步更新，恢复真像，最终在八福视见中“被神充满”；theosis 多作为对这一终点的高密度描述，而非独立修道道路。[13][14][15] | 目标 = 人类存在被带入三一的 perichoretic 生命与敬拜；灵修就是在圣灵里参与基督向父的敬拜与顺服，整个生命成为“被神化的礼拜”。[17][18][30] | 目标 = 让受造心灵参与神的美德、爱与喜乐；灵修 = 在圣灵工作中经历神圣美与荣耀的“流溢”，从而在德行与爱中被神化——这是 Edwards 式的“情感 / 直观 + 伦理”型 theosis。[23][21][24] |
| 7. 与 Cooper 的相似 / 差异（供教师口头说明） | 相似：强调参与、圣礼与整个生命神化；差异：本质–能量 vs. 基督论–圣礼框架，Cooper 拒绝把称义吸收进神化过程。 | 相似：奇妙交换、联合语汇与“成神”修辞；差异：Cooper 用系统的四层联合与 Christification 语言，把 Luther 资源组织得更形上且更圣礼化。 | ——（Cooper 自身基准） | 相似：都以 union with Christ 为轴，theosis 多放在成圣与荣耀；差异：Cooper 的圣礼论与 Luther–经院资源比多数现代改革宗更厚、更“实体化”。 | 高度相似：Cooper 与 Torrance 都用强基督论–联合–圣礼框架，且以 theosis 为“统摄隐喻”；差异：Torrance 更靠近东正教、三一–perichoresis 语言，Cooper 更紧扣路德信条与 forensic 中心。[17][18][34] | 相似：两者都在各自传统内部发展“正统 Reformed/Lutheran 的 theosis”；差异：Edwards 更重三一–爱–喜乐的“美学/情感”参与，Cooper 更重圣礼性、本体联合与路德式称义结构。[23][21][24] |
如果你需要，我可以再帮你从这个大表中抽出 3–4 条“课堂讲解用对比句”，比如专门为“Cooper vs Torrance”或“Cooper vs Edwards”写几条一句话总结，让你在讲解时快速定位。
Sources
[1] Vladimir Lossky – Essences and Energies – MYRIOBIBLOS https://www.myriobiblos.gr/texts/english/lossky_essences.html
[2] The Teaching of St Gregory Palamas: Theosis is Possible Through … https://anothercity.org/the-teaching-of-st-gregory-palamas-theosis-is-possible-through-the-uncreated-energies-of-god/
[3] Vladimir Lossky on the Essence and Energies of God – OrthodoxWord https://orthodoxword.wordpress.com/2010/03/02/vladimir-lossky-on-the-essence-and-energies-of-god/
[4] The Taboric Light – 08 – Grace as God’s Uncreated Energy https://sites.google.com/site/thetaboriclight/theology/08-grace-as-gods-uncreated-energy
[5] Essence–energies distinction – Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essence%E2%80%93energies_distinction
[6] [PDF] Luther and Theosis – Concordia Theological Seminary, Fort Wayne https://www.ctsfw.net/media/pdfs/marquartlutherandtheosis.pdf
[7] Luther and theosis: Deification in the theology of Martin Luther https://epublications.marquette.edu/dissertations/AAI9929163/
[8] Deification: A Truly Ecumenical Concept – Reformed Journal https://reformedjournal.com/2015/07/01/deification-truly-ecumenical-concept/
[9] Christification: A Lutheran Approach to Theosis – Goodreads https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/22999139-christification
[10] A Review of Jordan Cooper’s Christification https://www.theconservativereformer.com/articles/some-thoughts-on-christification
[11] Defining Christification | Jordan Cooper – Patheos https://www.patheos.com/blogs/justandsinner/defining-christification/
[12] Christification: A Lutheran Approach to Theosis – Logos Bible Software https://www.logos.com/product/144111/christification-a-lutheran-approach-to-theosis
[13] Union with Christ by Michael Horton, Ph.D. – Monergism | https://www.monergism.com/thethreshold/articles/questions/horton/union.html
[14] God Himself in His Very Substance – Credo Magazine https://credomag.com/article/god-himself-in-his-very-substance/
[15] Theosis | Monergism https://www.monergism.com/theosis
[16] “Reformed Theosis?”: A Response to Gannon Murphy – Academia.edu https://www.academia.edu/1038851/_Reformed_Theosis_A_Response_to_Gannon_Murphy
[17] Theosis in the Theology of Thomas Torrance – Flip eBook Pages … https://anyflip.com/juvzb/blft/basic/201-223
[18] Theosis in the Theology of Thomas Torrance: A Review | https://jasongoroncy.com/2010/06/15/theosis-in-the-theology-of-thomas-torrance-a-review/
[19] Theosis in the Theology of Thomas Torrance – 1st Edition – Myk Habets https://www.routledge.com/Theosis-in-the-Theology-of-Thomas-Torrance/Habets/p/book/9781138265998
[20] T. F. Torrance on theosis and universal salvation https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/scottish-journal-of-theology/article/t-f-torrance-on-theosis-and-universal-salvation/84DEA4CC75FAE3C6B30507B759E94BBF
[21] Jonathan Edwards and Deification – InterVarsity Press https://www.ivpress.com/jonathan-edwards-and-deification
[22] Jonathan Edwards and Deification: Reconciling Theosis and the … https://www.olivetree.com/store/product/74380
[23] Jonathan Edwards, Theosis, and the Reformed Tradition – Ad Fontes https://adfontesjournal.com/theology/jonathan-edwards-theosis-and-the-reformed-tradition/
[24] Reformed Theosis? Jonathan Edwards’s vision of partaking in the … https://ecsoc.org/reformed-theosis-jonathan-edwardss-vision-of-partaking-in-the-divine-nature/
[25] The Rejuvenation of Theosis in Lutheran Scholasticism https://regensburgforum.com/2016/06/29/the-rejuvenation-of-theosis-in-lutheran-scholasticism/
[26] Theosis in the Theology of Thomas Torrance: Special Offer https://growrag.wordpress.com/2013/10/18/theosis-in-the-theology-of-thomas-torrance-special-offer/
[27] Michael Horton on Union with Christ… – The World’s Ruined https://theworldsruined.blogspot.com/2017/09/michael-horton-on-union-with-christ.html
[28] Martin Luther’s Mirifica Commutatio, ‘The Wonderful Exchange’ https://growrag.wordpress.com/2011/07/25/martin-luthers-mirifica-commutatio-the-wonderful-exchange/
[29] Living wounds (anfechtungen) or blacksmithing of the human soul … http://www.scielo.org.za/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1015-87582022000200005
[30] Three Persons, One Being (by T.F. Torrance) – The Surprising God https://thesurprisinggodblog.gci.org/2023/05/three-persons-one-being-by-tf-torrance.html
[31] Theosis and Our Salvation in Christ – Orthodox-Reformed Bridge https://orthodoxbridge.com/2014/11/03/theosis-and-our-salvation-in-christ/
[32] God’s Grace Received Must Be Bestowed by Martin Luther https://www.blueletterbible.org/Comm/luther_martin/Incarnation/Gods_Grace_Received_Must_Be_Bestowed.cfm
[33] Luther, Lewis, and “Little Christs” – Ask the Pastor https://xrysostom.blogspot.com/2007/03/luther-lewis-and-christs.html
[34] Theosis in the Theology of Thomas Torrance | Myk Habets https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/mono/10.4324/9781315551173/theosis-theology-thomas-torrance-myk-habets
[35] [PDF] T. F. Torrance on theosis and universal salvation https://research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk/bitstream/handle/10023/24990/Crisp_2022_SJoT_TF_Torrance_on_theosis_and_universal_salvation_CC.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
[36] Theosis in the Theology of Thomas Torrance – Athanasian Reformed https://growrag.wordpress.com/2011/01/27/theosis-in-the-theology-of-thomas-torrance/
[37] [PDF] Theōsis: A Comparative Study of TF Torrance and Rāmānuja https://digitalcommons.butler.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1659&context=jhcs
[38] Theosis in the Theology of Thomas Torrance (Ebk) https://cincinnatistate.ecampus.com/theosis-theology-thomas-torrance-ebk/bk/9780754694076
